BioTek: ELISA and related immunoassays

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Applications
- Cell Culture QC
  
  Automated imaging tools can provide valuable information for improving routine cell culturing techniques and increasing the effectiveness and reproducibility of downstream cell-based assays. Conventional methods for evaluating cell culturing techniques and assay design consist of manual inspection of a small subset of the cell population at random locations and time points.
- Cell Health and Viability
  
  Cell health and viability measurements provide essential insight into a broad range of biological processes and treatment responses. Diverse assay formats and reagents have been developed that measure specific aspects of cell viability corresponding to particular cellular response pathways and mechanisms of injury.
- Cell Metabolism
  
  Cellular metabolism comprises a number of biochemical reactions that occur in concert within the cells of living organisms. These orchestrated reactions, better described as metabolic pathways allow organisms to function and respond to environmental changes. Agilent cell metabolism assays detect discrete changes in cell bioenergetics in real time, providing a window into the critical functions that provide ATP, the energy that cells need for activation, signaling, proliferation, and biosynthesis.
- Cell Migration and Invasion
  
  Cell migration and invasion are live cell kinetic assays useful in oncology research. The principle difference between migration and invasion is that migration refers to normal cell movement; whereas invasion describes cells actively invading surrounding tissue. It can do this under the influence of a chemoattractant gradient and secretion of proteases. There are numerous methods for performing these assays including scratch assays performed on a monolayer of cells adhered to plasticware (microplates or culture inserts) or using 3D cell culture models.
- Developmental Biology
  A macro trend in drug discovery is the use of complex models of disease early in preclinical studies. An approach following this viewpoint is the use of whole organism models involving living invertebrates and vertebrates such as nematodes and zebrafish conducive to drug screening methods.
- Histology and Slide Scanning
  Histology is typically performed on fixed tissue samples using upright microscopes equipped with oculars. Cytation™ and Lionheart™ FX provide automated digital imaging of these samples using color brightfield microscopy. Low to high magnifications from 1.25x to 60x (100x with Lionheart FX) can be combined with Cytation Gen5™ image processing features such as image stitching to increase field of view.
- Immunology
  The immune system relies on diverse mechanisms working in concert to defend the host from infection and to identify and remove aberrant or damaged cells. Dysregulation of the immune system can lead to a variety of disease conditions, including autoimmune disorders, allergies, and cancer. Additionally, the immune system is a critical consideration for vaccine development and cell, tissue and organ transplants.
- Immuno-Oncology
  While harnessing the patient’s immune system to fight cancer is not a new concept, there have been significant strides in the past decade to more effectively direct and activate components of the immune system and counter the measures certain tumors adopt to shield itself from immune attack. These include immunotherapeutic drugs based on directing immune cells to tumors based on specific antigens they present, PD-1 checkpoint inhibition and the ex vivo manipulation of the patient’s own immune cells to better drive an immune response to cancer.
- Microbiology
  Since the advent of a lens system that enabled the visualization of bacteria and protists in 1671, the microscope remains a ubiquitous tool for the scientific study of live and fixed microorganisms. Investigating the structure, function, and typing of the highly diverse array of microorganisms spans heterogeneous applications including, but not limited to, the elucidation, diagnosis, and treatment of human and plant disease, food and water safety testing, vaccine development, investigation and production of industrial lipases, protein transfection to mammalian cells, environmental health and impact appraisal, horticultural and agricultural soil assessment, and exploration of alternative fuel sources.
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  Biochemical assays run the gamut from routine ELISAs to micro-volume nucleic acid and protein quantification. Endpoint and kinetic, single- and multi-wavelength assays are essential experimental tools. BioTek’s multi-mode readers have the flexibility to accommodate a very broad range of applications with superior performance.
- Rapid Cell Signaling
  G-protein coupled, seven-transmembrane (7-TM) receptors (GPCRs) represent large, diverse gene families found in fungi, plants and animals. The GPCR family of receptors is involved primarily with internalizing extracellular environmental signals via interaction with intracellular G-proteins. GPCR ligands and modulators range from peptide and non-peptide molecules to chemokines, nucleosides, growth factors and light.
- Stem Cell Research
  Research into the reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells received the Nobel Prize in 2012. The long term importance of this research resides in the use of stem cells for regenerative therapies; for the short term, however these cells represent a potential unlimited source of highly physiologically relevant cells, akin to human primary cells, that can be used as drug discovery reagents.
- Virology
  Research into the diverse aspects of virology are made possible by a broad range of applications and assay formats, from relatively simple methods for viral detection to those designed to elucidate complex immune responses and pathological processes. BioTek instruments provide versatile platforms for conducting viral research, with optimized imaging- and plate reader-based solutions, as well as liquid handling and automation tools for increased assay throughput and reproducibility.
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  Our Technical Notes illustrate product-specific capabilities and common applications for BioTek microplate instrumentation, and their implementation in common experimental design.
- Visual Abstracts
  BioTek’s Visual Abstracts are brief, animated presentations that describe the workflow of a single specific application. Imaging & microscopy-focused Visual Abstracts explain the Augmented Microscopy workflow for a wide range of assays, with key capture>process>analyze>publish concepts presented. Other Visual Abstracts describe the utility of BioTek’s liquid handling and multi-mode instruments in a variety of applications. Check back often for our latest additions to the Visual Abstract library!
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  BioTek Announces New Cytation C10 Confocal Imaging Reader
  February 2, 2021 - BioTek Instruments, a part of Agilent, is excited to unveil the Cytation C10, an advanced, automated Confocal Imaging Reader. This versatile and multi-functional automated system is ideal for research laboratories and core facilities looking to increase productivity while reaping high-quality qualitative and quantitative data to support cell-based research. Read more
  
  BioTek Receives Patent for Automated Media Exchange (AMX) Module for the MultiFlo FX Multi-Mode Dispenser
  January 28, 2021 - BioTek Instruments, an Agilent Technologies, Inc., company, announces that it was granted a patent by the United States Patent and Trademark Office for the Automated Media Exchange (AMX) module for the MultiFlo FX Multi-Mode Dispenser. In cell biology workflows, the automated MultiFlo FX with AMX module enables hands-free, gentle, and highly consistent media exchanges and washing in 96- and 384-well microplate formats without disturbing sensitive cells. This promotes viability and long-term differentiation in 3-dimensional (3D) cell culture models as well as effective maintenance of loosely adherent 2-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Read more
  
  Synergy H1’s Continuously Variable Bandwidth Monochromators Optimize Assay Performance
  July 2, 2020 - BioTek Instruments announces the availability of variable bandwidth monochromators on their modular and versatile Synergy™ H1 Hybrid Multi-Mode Reader. This allows researchers to achieve even greater levels of assay sensitivity and specificity compared to fixed bandwidth systems. Read more
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Home Applications Molecular Biology and Biochemical ELISA

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The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a very common, robust technique for detecting various analytes. It spawned a broad range of immunoassays that utilize either wash or no-wash workflows using colorimetric, fluorometric, luminometric, TRF or TR-FRET, AlphaScreen and AlphaLISA detection technologies. Some of these latter technologies utilize low volume analysis in 1536-well plates, yet ELISA performed in 96-well microplates remains the most commonly used immunoassay technique. The ELISA technique causes formation of specific immune complexes that are easily measured using BioTek’s single or multi-mode microplate readers. The basic “building blocks” of an ELISA reaction are:

ELISA process

Application Notes

Technical Notes

Benchtop ELISA Automation with BenchCel Microplate Handler

Publications

Comparison of plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) and measles virus-specific IgG ELISA for assessing immunogenicity of measles vaccination

Application Bulletins

Detection of HTLV I and II Antibodies using Absorbance based ELISA

Learn more about ELISA – see our Applications and technical documentation in Resources.

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